Insider: Short of War

Assembling the A-Team: Creating an Interagency Office to Counter Irregular Warfare

Irregular warfare is a nebulous term that very much resembles the polycephalic hydra of Greek mythology. The manipulation of international law and norms to secure regional hegemony, use of unmarked soldiers and equipment to occupy the territory of another nation, highly violent transnational militia and terror networks, recurring cyberattacks, threats to critical infrastructure, and everything in between fall within the domain of irregular warfare. Ultimately, what binds this near-infinite array of actors is a wish to fight with just enough plausible deniability built into their respective deeds to forestall the escalation of a conflict to the level of traditional conventional or nuclear war, typically involving the use of soldiers, tanks, ships, planes, and nuclear arms to occupy territory or otherwise impose political and material defeat upon an enemy. In essence, irregular warfare consists of just about everything under the sun since it works both separately and in tandem with conventional warfare to achieve desired outcomes.
However, separating irregular warfare from conventional warfare perhaps occludes more than it clarifies. The goal of securing influence over other actors—“assur[ing] or coerc[ing] states or other groups,” in the words of the Congressional Research Service—can be seen as the goal of both conventional and irregular warfare as traditional alliance networks and wars are meant to defend friends and repel enemies through any means necessary. For instance, surreptitious cyberattacks aimed at key banks or commercial actors are not much different than the use of formal naval blocks used to curtail a nation’s economic activity. Therefore, it is of great importance to recognize that warfare—whether conventional or irregular—is a continuum requiring management from whole-of-society inputs.
Consequently, the United States government should consider the implementation of a new interagency office to coordinate these various inputs while bringing irregular threats into strategic focus. Such a body would not seek to duplicate the efforts of the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) or other such entities focused solely on collecting and disseminating governmental intelligence. Rather, this new entity should resemble a more informal version of the National Defense Advisory Commission (NDAC), which was established in 1940 by Franklin Roosevelt’s administration to marry the leadership of governmental agencies (e.g. the Departments of War, Labor, and Agriculture) with that of commercial heavyweights (e.g. the Ford Motor Company or Higgins Industries) to concentrate defense production, stabilize consumer prices, and promote broad innovation.
Indeed, as the Second World War effectively demonstrated, everything the American people could muster was necessary for expelling the forces of fascism from both the Atlantic and Pacific. This meant not only recruiting millions of men to fight in uniform, but also recruiting men and women at home to create effective propaganda, to coordinate the production of materiel to support those fighting abroad, to bolster deception, and to generate revenue through things like war bonds to ensure the United States and its allies had the treasure to prosecute a war against tyrants. In other words, there was little distinction between means and ends, warfighter and civilian, as the whole heft of the United States had to be mobilized to ensure victory in two theaters.
Likewise, the numerous domains of irregular warfare today require many of the same public-private inputs as those used to fight in the Second World War. Cyber threats require both government bodies and private businesses to protect the data and infrastructure of the American people. The United States Navy must use its advanced warships and munitions to not only compete against other navies, but to protect vital shipping lanes like the Red Sea from disruptions. The American foreign policy apparatus must take staunch positions in forums like the United Nations to ensure strategic competitors like the People’s Republic of China (PRC) cannot amend or abuse elements like international maritime law to become the suzerain of a whole region. In this way, there is little distinction between irregular and conventional threats, with many of the same tools used across the board.
With that in mind, it’s time to muster a new A-team to assess and respond to irregular threats in a holistic, far-seeing manner. The Department of Defense (DoD) veered close to this idea in miniature when it consolidated several military intelligence elements to form the Defense Clandestine Service (DCS). The formation of the DCS signaled a desire to overcome a degree of myopia imposed by the Global War on Terrorism. Rather than focusing solely on highly localized battlefield intelligence as it had during the start of the post-9/11 wars in Iraq in Afghanistan, the DCS would gather information relevant to the broader military capabilities of near-peer competitors and revisionist powers like the PRC and Iran. In doing so, other intelligence organizations like the overburdened Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) could redirect resources away from military intelligence to securing information on the social, economic, and political aspects of a given target. This symbiotic approach allows one agency to tap into the resources and expertise of the other to create a larger, complementary vision of the world and the various threats to American interests. An upscaled version of this arrangement could help the executive office dampen the impact of irregular warfare as well. That is, creating a unified operational command center shared by various agencies could not only align means with ends, but also save costs on redundancies while enhancing the strengths of each constituent organization.
A new interagency effort might consist of a small office filled with one or two senior officials from many of the major federal departments and agencies who are responsible for American defense or foreign policy (e.g. the Departments of State and Defense). While not quite at the secretary or undersecretary levels, these officials should be of significant enough rank to understand the complexities of their respective organizations, the internal and external constraints they face, and be endowed with enough authority to share these complexities with others. In many ways, this new interagency office would be like the Cabinet of the United States; however, the key difference is that this new body would be focused on the warfare continuum rather than concerning themselves with maintaining the good graces of the American voter. In essence, domestic policy as it is traditionally envisioned would be eschewed by this new office in the interest of staying focused on adversaries from both within and without. Thus, the themes of terrorism (both domestic and foreign), cyberwarfare, supply chain security, and more would all fall within the purview of this office without having to redirect attention to domestic distractions like offsetting America’s carbon footprint or lowering interest rates and gas prices for consumers during pivotal election seasons.
The goal of gathering so many senior minds from disparate departments would be for each organization to regularly brief the others on the worldviews, ambitions, fears, and key projects unique to each of them. For instance, the representative(s) of the National Security Agency (NSA) could note that there has been a rise in the use of cyberattacks by Iran, the PRC, and/or North Korea against the physical infrastructure, personal records, and intellectual property of the American people. The Department of Defense could chime in to confirm this account while the Department of Commerce shares how such cyber intrusions could lead to a loss of confidence in e-commerce if left unabated. In turn, this candid sharing of information and perspectives creates a combined sense of urgency within the new counter-IW agency to curtail any shrinking of America’s economic and technological edge.
With this new cross-departmental understanding of a common threat, an operational game plan could be quickly sketched out and passed along to the relevant authorities within and between each organization. For instance, the Department of Commerce could use its connections with the civilian tech sector to create new security protocols and reporting mechanisms to better home in on cyber threats. Likewise, the NSA could work in conjunction with the DoD to launch tailored, retaliatory cyberattacks to let adversaries know that cyberweapons cut both ways. Moreover, select technology companies could help to enhance the counter-IW efforts of the federal government by enabling agencies to use things like generative artificial intelligence to create allied botnets, targeted disinformation campaigns, and other smokescreens to slow enemy operations in the cyber domain and beyond. Even the Departments of Education and Labor could be brought into the mix by offering tuition assistance, grants, and stronger wage standards to incentivize young Americans to seek degrees and jobs in cybersecurity, creating a long-term commitment to the cause.
Again, the goal would be to create a more effective division of labor while bringing in voices that are typically not heard by the conventional intelligence community under the NSC, ODNI, and other such organizations. By allowing the Cabinet to deliberate and determine the strategic interests of the United States, the interagency counter-IW consortium could freely haggle amongst itself and brainstorm how to actualize those interests and create desired effects at the operational level. With a truly interagency picture in mind, not just broad departmental directives from the President and Cabinet, each agency within the federal government could then use its respective strengths and resources to create a whole-of-government, if not whole-of-society, response to pertinent threats.
Of course, this assumes that each organization within the counter-IW office does not view the others as competitors. Indeed, agencies may fear that too much collaboration could blur the mandates or prohibitions that distinguish one agency from another, leading to legal trouble, exacerbating battles for funding, or creating internal dysfunction within each agency. For example, the CIA’s restrictions on collecting information on U.S. persons could be compromised by too eagerly participating in an interagency crackdown on domestic violent extremists hypothetically being radicalized and funded, at least in part, by foreign adversaries such as Russia. Thus, with only one or two folks to represent the CIA at such a juncture, decision overload may lead to self-restrictive behavior, effectively promoting or maintaining the very bureaucratic siloing the counter-IW office is meant to resolve. Nevertheless, it is important to create some sort of vehicle that actually mobilizes interagency cooperation rather than merely gesturing at the concept.
To reiterate, there is considerable overlap between the means and ends of conventional and irregular warfare. Both modes of conflict seek to influence an adversary, whether through overt fighting, use of proxies to harass or undermine allied institutions, or the clandestine battle for hearts and minds in cyberspace and beyond. Indeed, we now find ourselves in a space where conflict is a continuum rather than a stark dichotomy constituted by peace on one end and war on the other. Even when the United States is not involved in kinetic combat with adversaries like the PRC on land, at sea, or in the skies, both parties (and many others) seek to shape the political, social, and economic environments to favor their forces if conventional or nuclear war does erupt. Thus, competition in the 21st century has once again become a whole-of-society effort as highly sophisticated polities seek to defeat each other in a multitude of ways before shots are ever fired. Recognizing this, a dedicated office to mobilize the whole might of the United States as was done during the Second World War is essential to maintain an edge or, at the very least, mitigate the harm done from nonstop competition below the threshold of conventional warfare. The A-team would channel the creative and destructive energies of the American republic—though perhaps under a different name to escape copyright infringement.

Ethics, Integrity, and the Toll of Modern Irregular Warfare: A Conversation with Pulitzer Prize-Winning Journalist Dave Philipps

This episode is part of Project Maritime, which explores modern challenges and opportunities in the maritime dimension at the intersection of irregular warfare and strategic competition. We warmly invite your participation and engagement as we embark on this project. Please send submissions with the subject line “Project Maritime Submission” and follow us on X (formerly Twitter) @proj_maritime.
Project Maritime had the pleasure of interviewing New York Times military reporter, and two-time Pulitzer Prize winner, Dave Philipps. Philipps’ writing has special resonance to those focused on irregular warfare in the littorals and those soldiers, sailors, marines, and operators, who have been serving in expeditionary operations in a variety of conflict zones.
Mr. Philipps may be best known for his searing and gripping book, “Alpha: Eddie Gallagher and the War for the Soul of the Navy SEALs.” Philipps has focused his writing on small units, and the soldiers, marines, and special operators who have fought the Global War on Terror.
Additionally, he has had a series of pieces over the past year focusing on the brain damage apparently caused by cumulative shock-waves to troops exposed to repeated blasts from weapons in combat or high intensity training. He has exposed injury clusters around Army and Marine artillerymen who fired up to 10,000 rounds in just several months in small units deployed against the Islamic State in Mosul. He has documented similar problems with mortars, M1 tanks,  Carl Gustaf recoilless rifle, and most recently brain trauma among elite Navy Special Boat teams made up of U.S. Navy Special Warfare Combatant-Craft Crewmen who deliver SEALs to the fight in high-powered craft that may expose their crews to 64Gs (64 times the force of gravity).
Link to article: https://irregularwarfare.org/articles/ethics-integrity-and-the-toll-of-modern-irregular-warfare-a-conversation-with-pulitzer-prize-winning-journalist-dave-philipps/

Irregular Warfare in 2024: Lessons Learned, Paths Forward

by: Guido Torres, Executive Director of IWI
January 2nd, 2025
The global security environment in 2024 proved as unpredictable as ever—yet, beneath the headlines, several clear themes and patterns emerged. A review of our articles published throughout the year reveals deeper insights into how irregular warfare is evolving across multiple fronts, from the Indo-Pacific to the Sahel, and from space to the bottom of the sea. This was not a year of singular, decisive battles but of incremental advances and strategic maneuvering in unconventional ways. This episode draws on insights from over 75 articles published by the Irregular Warfare Initiative in 2024, synthesizing key lessons and identifying emerging trends in irregular warfare.
The views expressed are those of the author(s) and do not reflect the official position of the Irregular Warfare Initiative, Princeton University’s Empirical Studies of Conflict Project, the Modern War Institute at West Point, or the United States Government.
The essay can be found on the Irregular Warfare Initiative's website, along with all the articles cited. If you value reading the Irregular Warfare Initiative, please consider supporting our work. And for the best gear, check out the IWI store for mugs, coasters, apparel, and other items. Subscribe to this podcast and leave us a review.

Money Talks and Hunger Walks: Buying Down State-Actor Influence Risk

by Tom Johansmeyer, a PhD candidate in international conflict analysis at the University of Kent.
When natural disasters strike, foreign actors often exploit food insecurity to spread disinformation and influence vulnerable populations. In this episode, Tom Johansmeyer proposes an innovative solution: parametric insurance that provides rapid economic relief to affected communities. Learn how this financial tool could help counter foreign influence operations while delivering humanitarian aid to those who need it most.
The views expressed are those of the author(s) and do not reflect the official position of the Irregular Warfare Initiative, Princeton University’s Empirical Studies of Conflict Project, the Modern War Institute at West Point, or the United States Government.
The essay can be found on the Irregular Warfare Initiative's website.
If you value reading the Irregular Warfare Initiative, please consider supporting our work. And for the best gear, check out the IWI store for mugs, coasters, apparel, and other items. Subscribe to this podcast and leave us a review.
 

The Day After Nasrallah: Succession and Strategic Opportunities

by Alexandra Veyne, the Chief Human Resources Officer of the Irregular Warfare Initiative.
 
In this analysis of Hezbollah's leadership crisis, Alexandra Veyne examines the strategic implications of Hassan Nasrallah's elimination and his successor Naim Qassem's appointment. She argues that Qassem's lack of charisma and weaker leadership profile could prove more devastating to Hezbollah than continued tactical strikes. Drawing on Shi'i political dynamics and organizational theory, Veyne suggests that Israel's strategic interests might be better served by allowing an ineffective leader to remain in power while supporting Lebanese opposition forces, rather than pursuing another high-profile assassination.
 
The views expressed are those of the author(s) and do not reflect the official position of the Irregular Warfare Initiative, Princeton University’s Empirical Studies of Conflict Project, the Modern War Institute at West Point, or the United States Government.
The essay can be found on the Irregular Warfare Initiative's website.
If you value reading the Irregular Warfare Initiative, please consider supporting our work. And for the best gear, check out the IWI store for mugs, coasters, apparel, and other items. Subscribe to this podcast and leave us a review.

Beyond Binaries: Cyber Force Generation and the SOCOM-like Model

This article is part of Project Cyber, which explores and characterizes the myriad threats facing the United States and its allies in cyberspace, the information environment, and conventional and irregular spaces. Please contact us if you would like to propose an article, podcast, or event environment. We invite you to contribute to the discussion, explore the difficult questions, and help.
 
This essay examines the debate around adopting a Special Operations Command (SOCOM)-like model for U.S. Cyber Command's force generation and recruitment needs. The authors argue that while senior military leaders frequently advocate for applying the SOCOM model to cyber forces, this recommendation is based on unexamined assumptions and may not address Cyber Command's unique challenges in recruiting, training, and retaining qualified personnel. The paper also challenges the perceived binary choice between adopting a SOCOM-like model or creating an independent cyber service, suggesting that a hybrid approach combining elements of both might be more effective. Ultimately, the authors call for more detailed analysis and planning before committing to any particular force generation model, emphasizing that Cyber Command needs to clearly define its goals and requirements in light of growing threats from adversaries like China.
 
The essay can be found on the Irregular Warfare Initiative's website.
If you value reading the Irregular Warfare Initiative, please consider supporting our work. And for the best gear, check out the IWI store for mugs, coasters, apparel, and other items. Subscribe to this podcast and leave us a review.
 
Until next time,
 
Keep Warfare Irregular

“I Want to Live”: Psychological Warfare for the Modern Era

Peter Schrijver is a Ph.D. researcher affiliated with the Netherlands Defence Academy. His academic interests focus on Ukraine’s operations in the information environment.
 
This essay analyzes Ukraine's "I Want to Live" project, a modern psychological operations (PSYOP) campaign that uses smartphones and social media to encourage Russian soldiers to surrender. The project, launched in September 2022, represents a significant evolution in military PSYOPs by leveraging digital technology to directly reach enemy forces with personalized messages, video testimonials from POWs, and practical surrender instructions. While the project has shown significant success - with over 48 million website visits and hundreds of Russian surrenders - the author also explores ethical concerns about the use of POW testimonials and discusses how this campaign reflects broader changes in modern warfare where battles increasingly take place in digital spaces.
 
The essay can be found on the Irregular Warfare Initiative's website.
If you value reading the Irregular Warfare Initiative, please consider supporting our work. And for the best gear, check out the IWI store for mugs, coasters, apparel, and other items. Subscribe to this podcast and leave us a review.
 
Until next time,
 
Keep Warfare Irregular
 

Israel, Hezbollah, and Arab Hostility

by Amir Asmar, a former senior executive and Middle East analyst in the US Department of Defense.
 
Amir Asmar examines Israel's latest military campaign in Lebanon against Hezbollah and what it reveals about the limitations of military solutions to fundamentally political problems. Drawing on decades of experience as a Middle East analyst, Asmar traces how Israel's repeated military interventions in Lebanon have often strengthened rather than weakened its adversaries, while arguing that lasting security might require addressing underlying territorial disputes. His analysis offers fresh insights into both the current crisis and potential paths forward, including a critical examination of the U.S. role in promoting regional stability.
 
The views expressed are those of the author(s) and do not reflect the official position of the Irregular Warfare Initiative, Princeton University’s Empirical Studies of Conflict Project, the Modern War Institute at West Point, or the United States Government.
The essay can be found on the Irregular Warfare Initiative's website.
If you value reading the Irregular Warfare Initiative, please consider supporting our work. And for the best gear, check out the IWI store for mugs, coasters, apparel, and other items. Subscribe to this podcast and leave us a review.
 
Until next time,
 
Keep Warfare Irregular

Ukraine’s Railway Wars: How to Sabotage Russian Military Logistics

by Doug Livermore the Director of Engagements for the Irregular Warfare Initiative.
 
In this eye-opening analysis, Doug Livermore examines Ukraine's sophisticated sabotage campaign against Russia's railway infrastructure and its critical impact on the war effort. Drawing parallels to World War II resistance operations, the article details how Ukrainian special forces and intelligence services work with both Ukrainian and Russian partisan groups to exploit vulnerabilities in Russia's rail-dependent military logistics. The piece highlights several successful operations, including the recent Severomuysky tunnel attack, while offering insights into how this unconventional warfare strategy could be expanded and applied to future conflicts.
 
The views expressed are those of the author(s) and do not reflect the official position of the Irregular Warfare Initiative, Princeton University’s Empirical Studies of Conflict Project, the Modern War Institute at West Point, or the United States Government.
The essay can be found on the Irregular Warfare Initiative's website.
If you value reading the Irregular Warfare Initiative, please consider supporting our work. And for the best gear, check out the IWI store for mugs, coasters, apparel, and other items. Subscribe to this podcast and leave us a review.
 
Until next time,
 
Keep Warfare Irregular

Bridging the Gap: Why Conventional Forces Need Irregular Warfare Training

By Austin Wesley, a US Army officer.
 
This essay argues that the US Army must break its cycle of neglecting irregular warfare (IW) by fully integrating IW concepts into its Professional Military Education (PME) for conventional forces. Drawing lessons from Vietnam and Iraq, the author demonstrates how the Army's focus on Large Scale Combat Operations (LSCO) has repeatedly left it unprepared for irregular conflicts. The piece emphasizes that IW is not solely the domain of Special Operations Forces, but a critical competency for all Army personnel. It proposes specific changes to PME, including early and frequent exposure to IW concepts, incorporation of IW into planning exercises, and instruction by conventional force leaders. The author contends that these changes are essential for preparing the Army to effectively wage both conventional and irregular warfare in support of joint force operations.
The views expressed are those of the author(s) and do not reflect the official position of the Irregular Warfare Initiative, Princeton University’s Empirical Studies of Conflict Project, the Modern War Institute at West Point, or the United States Government.
The essay can be found on the Irregular Warfare Initiative's website.
If you value reading the Irregular Warfare Initiative, please consider supporting our work. And for the best gear, check out the IWI store for mugs, coasters, apparel, and other items. Subscribe to this podcast and leave us a review.
 
Until next time,
 
Keep Warfare Irregular